Author(s): Chaitali Guha Sinha and Savvy Lyngdoh

Abstract:
The Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in Meghalaya, established under the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, safeguard indigenous identity, culture, and governance among the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo tribes. With legislative, judicial, and executive powers over land, forests, and traditional justice systems, ADCs operate alongside state and central governments, creating jurisdictional conflicts and administrative inefficiencies. A major challenge lies in reconciling customary laws, especially in gender rights, inheritance, and land ownership—with constitutional principles, as seen in the Khasi and Jaintia matrilineal system. The absence of codified customary laws leads to inconsistencies in legal interpretations, raising concerns about due process. Financial and administrative constraints further limit ADCs’ autonomy, as dependence on state and central grants hinders governance and infrastructure development. Jurisdiction overlaps in taxation, resource management, and urban administration exacerbate governance inefficiencies. Despite these challenges, ADCs remain crucial for local self-governance and indigenous preservation. Strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing financial autonomy, codifying customary laws, and improving coordination with state authorities can bolster their effectiveness. Policy reforms, including judicial training and participatory governance, are essential to align indigenous traditions with constitutional mandates, ensuring justice, equity, and sustainable development in Meghalaya’s tribal regions. This study underscores the need for a balanced approach that respects indigenous traditions while aligning governance structures with constitutional principles to ensure justice, equity, and sustainable development in Meghalaya’s tribal areas.