Phosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient that directly influences the growth, development, and nutritional quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). As a primary legume crop, common beans play a significant role in human nutrition, offering a rich source of proteins, dietary fiber, and essential micronutrients. However, phosphorus deficiency in soils can severely limit the crop’s yield and nutritional quality. This article explores the impact of phosphorus fertilization on the nutritional enhancement of common beans, discussing its role in plant metabolism, nutrient uptake, seed quality, and strategies for sustainable fertilization practices.